Applied Logic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applied Logic - Assignment Example This is because the individual who utilizes their free will do not necessary need constructed law for them to act responsible. In supporting this, we can argue that individual with free will are self-determined and accountability of their actions. This people also are capable of overcoming outside force hence enabling them to valid reasoning. For that reason, we can say free will is essential at helping us comprehend that we are in control of choice we made in life and thus our destiny. Hence, individual must be capable of thinking free and decide free without being constrained by certain external factors. Human beings have the capability of thinking free and decide free compared to other animal (Lynch pg. 132). Besides this, and individuals can claim accountability for their actions, and this makes human uniqueness. Hence, free will are much interrelated with applied logic as free will is the foundation of applied logic as it helps individuals to be self-determined and accountability of their actions. The concept of reality has been controversial since the times of great philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle particularly due to the continuous dominance of perceptions in the reasoning process as individuals strive to identify and understand what is real. Reality can be defined as the totality of all things including events, both observable and non-observable phenomena as well as actual and conceptual structures (Simon 01). In deliberating ontological matters, analytical philosophers circumvent the use of the term â€Å"real† since there is an overall argument that reality is what one can get away with, and it is significantly influenced by our perception. Simply put, it is what the world vision endeavors to map, whether based on personal or communal human experience. In lieu of this, there is no objective reality; it is subject to personal interpretation since our cultural and

Material Selction Essay Example for Free

Material Selction Essay Park bench A park bench isn’t just for parks. It is an essential component of any public outdoor (or indoor) area. The 3 material I chosen ( wood concrete steel) These park benches provide strength and durability with a strong steel skeleton and high quality UV and weather resistant thermoplastic coating. One of the most popular bench styles, the thermoplastic coated steel park bench comes in a range of styles and colors. The thermoplastic coating protects the steel for years to come, and is maintenance and corrosive free. Made for the widest range of applications, these benches can be portable as well and permanent installs. Commercial park benches made with wood are always a top seller. Made usually of cedar, or pine, wood park benches offer strength and durability, reinforced with a welded metal frame construction for a long life. Wood is the popular choice also for its classic styling. When people think park bench, they will more than likely visualize a wood slat park bench with back and arms in an unfinished cedar nestled in a shady spot under an oak tree. This is obviously a great solution for a park, or outside of a mall but I would not recommend it for any city transit area. Other materials, like powder coated steel are better performers for high traffic. Concrete Park Benches are an inexpensive solution to a high traffic area. Dense and strong, anything concrete will last a long time and is ideal for parks, schools, bus stops, corporate break areas and rest stops, and other various street scapes or public areas. It is also resistant to vandalism and thievery due to its inherent density and bulk. It would be strenuous to attempt to move or damage one of these, making a concrete park bench the perfect solution for a permanent install. Hip joint The human hip is a ball and socket joint. This means that the top of the leg bone, the femur, is rounded and fits into the socket of the hip. This joint may need to be replaced if it has worn away, broken, or become chronically painful in some way. The process involves replacing the hip joint with 3 artificial parts, cup, ball, stem: Cup The cup is the most vital part of the hip joint process as the other 2 parts is dependable on the cup being good thus the material must not only be tough and strong but resistant to corrosion, degradation, and wear-.I chose the material ultra-high density polyethylene for the cup component in because of its outstanding toughness cut and wear resistance and its excellent chemical resistance. Fermoral ball – I chose the ceremaric material Zirconia for the head (ball) component in because of its Strength and Longevity, Zirconia is virtually indestructible ans should last a life ti. itcan be polished to give a very smooth surface and have a much lower wear rate than metal on polyethylene. Also using ceramics over metals for hip replacement parts are to do with the inherent biocompatibility of ceramic materials. Being highly oxidised, they are very inert and so the risk of any reactions with the host is negligible. However As with everything in life, all these benefits come with a price. Zirconia is very tough, which is good until you consider the abrasive effect of the material against the other compnenets. Fermoral stem – I chose the alloy material titanium for the stem component because not only does it have the combined properties of being light and strong it also allow for movement of the artificial hip joint with a minimal amount of friction. In addition, titanium are long lasting, strong and resistant to corrosion, degradation, and wear. Therefore, they will retain their strength and shape for a long time. Resistance to wear is particularly significant in maintaining proper joint function and preventing the further destruction of bone caused by particulate debris generated as the implant parts move against each other. However titanium is quite expensive.

College Sports - Universities Must Compensate Student Athletes :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Colleges and Universities Must Compensate Student Athletes Today, sports are no longer fun and games, sports are a business, and college sports are no different. College sports provide a huge source of universities’ income. The school takes in money from ticket sales, television contracts, and sport-related merchandise, just to name a few. The athletes, however, receive their scholarship and little more. While the prospect of receiving a free college education is something few would complain about, when the issue is more closely examined it becomes evident that it is not enough. The universities are exploiting athletes, and recently the problems that this creates have become more prominent. More and more athletes are now leaving school early to enter the professional leagues and make money. There have also been more reports of violations surrounding university boosters and alumni paying players. Furthermore, athletes have been accused of making deals with gamblers and altering the outcome of games. All of these problems could be minim ized, if not completely eliminated, by adopting a program for compensating student athletes. College athletes are exploited by their schools, which make millions of dollars off of them. This leads to violations, students leaving college early, and student-athletes that cannot even afford to do their laundry. The NCAA and professional leagues can work together to institute a plan to compensate these athletes and remedy all these problems. Student athletes need money just like any other college students, and many of them need it even more. According to Steve Wulf, many college athletes come from disadvantaged backgrounds (94). This means that while the free tuition is nice, they are still going to need money for other expenses that every college student faces. The NCAA finally realized this recently and decided to allow athletes to have a job earning up to $2000 during the school year (Greenlee 63). This, while well intended, is an impossibility for many, if not the majority of college athletes. As Greenlee states, "The hours athletes would spend working at a job are already spoken for" (63). The sport they play is their job; it takes up as much time (likely more) as the normal student’s job at the cafeteria or student center, yet they do not get paid. The schools have to make up for this by finding some way to compensate these athletes. The main reason behind not giving college athletes some form of compensation is that college athletes must be amateurs and if they are paid they will lose their status as amateurs.

Fundamentals of Computer

entExamination Paper: Fundamentals of Computer IIBM Institute of Business Management Semester-I Examination Paper MM. 100 Fundamentals of Computer Section A: Objective Type (20 marks) ********************************************************** Multiple Choices: 1. b. 2 types 2. b. 1 or more input signals to produce output 3. d. Both (a) & (c) 4. b. Non-volatile 5. c. Direct-access storage device 6. c. Multiple object program files of any software 7. a. Are geographically distributed 8. b. Way in which the network’s nodes are linked together 9. a. World wide web 10. . General purpose electronic equipment for homes Fill in the Blanks: 1. Multimedia applications are multimedia presentation, foreign language learning, multimedia Kiosk and †¦multimedia books, e books, digital library, video games, animation films & virtual shops†¦ 2. Computer audio deals with synthesizing, recording and †¦Palying audio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ with a computer. 3. Collating sequence is ordering o f symbols in an †¦encoding†¦. standard. 4. Binary coded decimal is a †¦6-Bit†¦ Code. 5. The logic gates are interconnected to form gating or logic networks known as †¦combinational†¦.. ogic circuits. 6. †¦CPU†¦. is the brain of a computer system. 7. The term †¦software†¦. refers to a collection of programs. 8. Program errors are known as †¦bugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Documentation†¦. is the process of collecting, organizing storing and maintaining a complete historical record of programs. 10. File organization†¦ deals with physical organization of records of a file for convenience of their storage and retrieval. Section B: Short Questions (20 marks) 1. What is data processing? Data processing is a series of actions on input that converts the input into useful output.In data processing, input is data and output is the useful information. In consists of three sub activities: Capturing input data, manipulating it and pro ducing output information. People, procedure and devices are required to produce the output from the input data. 2. What is a file management system? File management system is a set of programs which help the users to organize, create, delete, update and manipulate their files. Its common features are as described below. a. Transaction file: It stores the input data until the application uses it during next processing cycle. b.Master file: It contains all current data relevant to an application. c. Output file: some applications use multiple programs. One program takes the output of another program as input; hence the former program stores the output as an output file. d. Report file: It is a copy of report, generated by application in computer accessible form. e. Backup file: It is a copy of file crated by user or system to avoid loss of data due to corruption or deletion of original file. 3. What is a computer network? Computer network is a group of computers which are linked to e ach other via internet.The computers on network can communicate with each other and can share information. Four basic service provided by internet to its users are electronic mail, file transfer protocol, telnet and use net news. The common network types are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area network (MANs), campus area networks (CANs) and wide area network (WANs). 4. What is a secondary storage? The additional memory needed in all computers to overcome the limitations of primary storage (Limited capacity and Volatile) is called secondary storage. t is nonvolatile and has lower cost per bit stored. It operates generally at slower speed than primary storage. Computer system uses it primarily to store large volume of data on permanent basis. Commonly used storage devices are hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, memory card and Pen drive. Section C: Long Questions (20 marks) 1. Explain the printing mechanism of laser printer. Mechanism of Laser Printers: Tr ansfer of Data The very first step in laser printing is the transfer of data from a computer to the memory of the image processor of a printer. Writing DataNow, once the data is transferred to the printer's memory, it is written to the printer's drum with the help of a laser. The drum will keep rotating and the moment it rotates past the laser, it sweeps off the printer's surface neutralizing some spots to about -100v. These spots are the areas where the toner remains stuck to the drum and further gets transferred to the paper. Inserting the Paper and Pickup Process of the Toner Once the writing process is over, you need to add papers to the printer. Keep the papers into the printer's paper tray.The feed rollers inside the printer pull the paper inside and the registration rollers hold it till its release. As the drum keeps on rotating, the toner settles down in an area which is at a charge of about -100v and remains attached to the drum till the paper comes in. Transfer of the Tone r to the Paper Now, the complete toned image is created on the drum. The moment you apply the paper to the printer, the toner transfer process starts. The transfer corona applies a charge of about +600v to the paper and when the paper passes through the drum, the toner which is at a charge of about -100v gets transferred to the paper.Further, the paper passes through a static charge eliminator that decreases the positive charge in the paper, with the help of its negative charge. Fusing The process of fusion takes place in order to secure the printout by melting the minute plastic fragments present on the toner's surface, so as to fix them to the paper fibers. Laser printers are handy when it comes to fast, bulk and quality printing. But high prices and some health risks such as respiratory disorders due to the release of some harmful sub-micrometer particles are some of the disadvantages associated with laser printing.However, this kind of printer still remains the first choice for most of the organizations when it comes to printing. 2. Explain the importance of system software for a computer system. System Software is a set of programs that manage the resources of a compute system. System Software is a collection of system programs that perform a variety of functions. * File Editing * Resource Accounting * I/O Management * Storage, Memory Management access management. System Software can be broadly classified into three types as: System control programs: It Controls the execution of programs, anage the storage & processing resources of the computer & perform other management & monitoring function. The most important of these programs is the operating system. Other examples are database management systems (DBMS) & communication monitors. System support programs: It provide routine service functions to the other computer programs & computer users: E. g. Utilities, libraries, performance monitors & job accounting. System development programs assists in the creat ion of application programs. E. g. , language translators such as BASIC interpreter & application generators.Application Software: It performs specific tasks for the computer user. Application software is a program which program written for, or, by, a user to perform a particular job. Languages already available for microcomputers include Clout, Q & A and Savvy ret rival. The use of natural language touches on expert systems, computerized collections of the knowledge of many human experts in a given field, and artificial intelligence, independently smart computer systems – two topics that are receiving much attention and development and will continue to do so in the future. 1.Operating System Software Storage Manager Process Manager File – System Manager I/O Control System Communication Manager 2. Standard System Software Language Processor Loaders Software Tools 3. Application Software Sort/Merge Package Payroll/Accounting Package DBMS General-purpose application soft ware such as electronic spreadsheet has a wide variety of applications. Specific – purpose application s/w such as payroll & sales analysis is used for the application for which it is designed. Section D: Applied Theory (40 marks) 1. What is a computer virus? How does a typical virus works?When a computer system suffers from virus infection, how it is cured? Defenition: Computer virus is a small software programs that are designed by human to spread from one computer to another and to interfere with normal computer operations. Work of Typical virus: The A computer virus is most often defined as â€Å"a malicious code of computer programming†. What this means is that a computer virus is just another software, written with not so very noble intentions. A computer virus is designed to install, propagate and cause damage to computer files and data without the knowledge and/or express permission of the user.A computer virus can only survive, attack and propagate in computer memory. Computer memory is usually the RAM (and all different variations of it) and disk storage (hard, floppy and everything in between). Besides this you will not find computer viruses in your monitor, keyboard and certainly not in your own blood stream! The first step in any virus attack is always the invasion. This is when the virus actually enters the computer system from an outside source. Much of the effort in preventing a virus attack lies in understanding what these virus entry points are and how best to monitor and block out any possible intrusion.All viruses enter the computer system through two main entry points: the disk network adapter card is most likely your computer network and/or modem card connected to the local Intranet and/or the Internet. Virus enters through the network card most likely disguised in the form of attachments in e-mails. These attachments are often program files and office documents containing macros. Besides this, certain webpages that we visit on the Internet may also contain harmful programming codes that might transfer virus or virus-like codes into our system.To guard our systems against virus intrusion from these sources, many good anti-virus programs allows users to completely scan all files read form disk drives or downloaded from the Intranet/Internet. How do virus infections occur? The act of infection often begins with a harmless looking action such as opening a file (like a video game or a Word document) that one often gets in e-mail attachments or while accessing any disk in a disk drive. These actions inadvertently activate the virus lurking in these files and disks. The virus then installs itself into the computer’s memory. Computer system suffering from virus infection:After entering the computer memory, a virus often immediately sets out to multiply and spread duplicate copies of itself across the main data storage device (most often the hard disk drive). It does this by copying itself into as many files it can find on the disk drive. Later when users transfers or copies these files to their friends and colleagues, the virus gain entry into ever increasing number of systems. If the virus has found its way to this level of the user’s computer, the user runs a high risk of permanent damage to data and hardware. But such a level of infection only happens to two types of users.The first are those who do not employ any kind of anti-virus measures (or if they do, it obviously isn’t doing a good job). The second are those who do have good anti-virus programs installed and running but did not bother updating their software with the latest virus data files. As a result newer viruses can actually use the anti-virus programs to infect an even greater number of files. So we can see here that having good anti-virus software isn’t enough. One must constantly keep it updated (preferably on a monthly basis). If a virus were to just spread itself, users might not have much to worry about.But the worst is yet to come. Many viruses contain what is called a payload. This is the destructive sequence that is activated on a certain trigger. The trigger may be the arrival of a particular date or an action done by the user. The effect of the payload can be anything as benign as some harmless message appearing on screen to as frightening as the destruction of the disk drive’s boot record – making it completely unusable and in most cases completely irreparable. Indeed it is the later that causes permanent lose of data and hardware and which is responsible for the virus’ notorious reputation.If a virus is capable of unleashing its payload on the user’s system, this indicates a serious breach of security on part of the user. It’s time for the user to learn from the experience and never let computer virus have a second chance. How do I know if my computer has been infected? After you open and run an infected program or attachmen t on your computer, you might not realize that you've introduced a virus until you notice something isn't quite right. Here are a few indicators that your computer  might  be infected: * Your computer runs more slowly than normal * Your computer stops responding or freezes often Your computer crashes and restarts every few minutes * Your computer restarts on its own and then fails to run normally * Applications on your computer don't work correctly * Disks or disk drives are inaccessible * You can't print correctly * You see unusual error messages * You see distorted menus and dialog boxes How to Cure: Remove a virus manually: Sometimes a virus must be removed manually. This can become a technical process that you should only undertake if you have experience with the  Windows  registry and know how to view and delete system and program files in  Windows.First, identify the virus by name by running your antivirus program. If you don't have an antivirus program or if your pr ogram doesn't detect the virus, you might still be able to identify it by looking for clues about how it behaves. Write down the words in any messages it displays or, if you received the virus in email, write down the subject line or name of the file attached to the message. Then search an antivirus vendor's website for references to what you wrote down to try to find the name of the virus and instructions for how to remove it. Recovery and prevention:After the virus is removed, you might need to reinstall some software or restore lost information. Doing regular backups on your files can help you avoid data loss if your computer becomes infected again. If you haven't kept backups in the past, we recommend that you start now. 3. Write short notes on: (a) The OSI model (b) Internetworking tools (c) Distributed computing systems (a) The OSI model The Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. This article explains the 7 Lay ers of the OSI Model.The  OSI, or  Open  System  Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. a. Application Layer This layer supports  application  and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data  syntax  are identified.Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for  file transfers,  e-mail, and other  network  software  services. Telnet  and  FTP  are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. b. Presentation Layer This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e. g. ,  encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept.This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a  network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. c. Session Layer This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between  applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. d. Transport Layer This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or  hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and  flow control.It ensures complete data transfer. e. Network Layer This layer provides  switching  and  routing  technologies, creating logical paths, known as  virtual circuits, for transmitting data from  node  to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as  addressing,  internetworking, error handling, congestion  control and packet sequencing. f. Data Link Layer At this layer, data packets are  encoded  and decoded into bits. It furnishes  transmission protocol  knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization.The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the  Logical Link Control  (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. g. Physical Layer 1 This layer conveys the bit stream – electrical impulse, light or radio signal through the  network  at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the  hardware  means of sending and rece iving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. b) Internetworking tools The art and science of connecting individual  local-area networks (LANs)  to create  wide-area networks (WANs), and connecting WANs to form even larger WANs. Internetworking can be extremely complex because it generally involves connecting networks that use different  protocols. Internetworking is accomplished ith  routers,  bridges, and  gateways. Routers: It is a  device  that forwards data  packets  along  networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two  LANs  or  WANs  or a LAN and its  ISP  network. Routers are located at  gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.Routers use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use  protocols  such as  ICMP  to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. Bridges : It is a  device  that connects two  local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the same  protocol, such as  Ethernet  or  Token-Ring. Gateways: It is a  node  on a  network  that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that  routes  the traffic from a workstation  to the outside network that is serving the Web pages.In homes, the gateway is the  ISP  that connects the user to the internet. In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a  proxy server  and a  firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a  router, which use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine where  packets  are sent, and a  switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway. A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites and  terrestrial  networks. An earlier term for  router, though now obsol ete in this sense as  router  is commonly used. c) Distributed computing systems A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. A distributed system can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer.Distributed systems offer many benefits over centralized systems, including the following: Scalability The system can easily be expanded by adding more machines as needed. Redundancy Several machines can provide the same services, so if one is unavailable, work does not stop. Additionally, because many smaller machines can be used, this redundancy does not need to be prohibitively expensive. Distributed computing systems can run on hardware that is provided by many vendors, and can use a variety of standards-based software components. Such systems are independent of the underlying software.They can run on various operating systems, and can use various communications protocols. Some hardware might use UNIX(R)  as the operating system, while other hardware might use Windows operating systems. For inter machine communications, this hardware can use SNA or TCP/IP on Ethernet or Token Ring. This system contains two local area networks (LANs) that are connected to each other. One LAN consists of UNIX workstations from several different manufacturers; the other LAN consists primarily of PCs that are running several different PC operating systems.One of the LANs is also connected to a mainframe by way of an SNA connection. The client/server model A common way of organizing software to run on distributed systems is to separate funct ions into two parts: clients and servers. A  client  is a program that uses services that other programs provide. The programs that provide the services are called  servers. The client makes a request for a service, and a server performs that service. Server functions often require some resource management, in which a server synchronizes and manages access to the resource, and responds to client requests with either data or status information.Client programs typically handle user interactions and often request data or initiate some data modification on behalf of a user. For example, a client can provide a form onto which a user (a person working at a data entry terminal, for example) can enter orders for a product. The client sends this order information to the server, which checks the product database and performs tasks that are needed for billing and shipping. Typically, multiple clients use a single server. For example, dozens or hundreds of clients can interact with a few servers that control database access.The client is isolated from the need to know anything about the actual resource manager. If you change the database that you are using, the server possibly needs to be modified, but the client does not need to be modified. Because usually fewer copies exist of the server than of the client, and because the servers are often in locations that are easier to update (for example, on central machines instead of on PCs that are running on users' desks), the update procedure is also simplified. Also, this approach provides additional security. Only the servers, not the clients, need access to the data that the resource manager controls.Clients can also access several different servers, and the servers themselves can act as clients to other servers. Exactly how the functions are distributed across servers is an application design decision. For example, a single server could provide all the services that a client needs, or the client could access multiple servers to perform different requests. The application designer must consider items such as scalability, location, and security. For example, are the clients and servers local or is the application distributed over a wide geographic area? Do the servers need to be on machines that are physically secure?Such design decisions are outside the scope of this introduction. Some servers are part of an application and are referred to as  application servers. Other servers are not part of a specific application. Instead, any application can use them. For example, the CICS Structured File Server (SFS) provides record-oriented file access for applications. Three-tiered client/server architecture A common design of client/server systems uses three tiers: 1. A client that interacts with the user 2. An application server that contains the business logic of the application 3. A resource manager that stores data.

Associate Level Material Essay

Introduction Due in Week One: Give an overview of the company and the security goals to be achieved. 1 Company overview As relates to your selected scenario, give a brief 100- to 200-word overview of the company. Sunica Music and Movies is a multimedia corporation that currently has four locations. Due to jumbled inventory, no internet commerce, and other factors they have been losing more and more customers. By installing a WAN, they will be able to keep track of their inventory better. They will also be able to keep their finances in order. There are also plans to make it where people can order online. In the end the company is going to make sure that their network is fully functional for all four stores, be secure for their customers, and protect all the assets of the company with a proper plan and proper security. 2 Security policy overview Of the different types of security policies—program-level, program-framework, Issue-specific, and system-specific—briefly cover which type is appropriate to your selected business scenario and why. I feel that issue specific would be the proper system to use for this company. The problems they have are issue specific and can be solved by addressing specific issues. By fixing each issue seprately, they will be able to become the safe and reliable company they want to be. 3 Security policy goals As applies to your selected scenario, explain how the confidentiality, integrity, and availability principles of information security will be addressed by the information security policy. 1 Confidentiality Briefly explain how the policy will protect information. By installing a WAN, Sunica makes sure that the inforamtion stays within the company itself. That make it more difficult for hackers to infiltrate their system. 2 Integrity Give a brief overview of how the policy will provide rules for authentication and verification. Include a description of formal methods and system transactions. This system will make sure that their is no unauthorized access to any of the information. It will also keep logs to where if anything does go wrong they can pinpoint exactly where and when it happened. It will also stay updated to the point where there wont be any unneccesary issues. 3 Availability Briefly describe how the policy will address system back-up and recovery, access control, and quality of service. By having a WAN the company will maintain all control of their system. Which will make backup of the system easier. And it will also allow them to be able to recover anything lost with more ease. And finally it allows tem to make sure that everything stays up to date so that the material will always be accesible and at the highest quality possible. References Cite all your references by adding the pertinent information to this section by following this example. American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

A New Company. The following is based off from personal knowledge and all my own words and thoughts.

A New Company. The following is based off from personal knowledge and all my own words and thoughts. Instructions: Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following: You have been hired into a new company to oversee the accounting department. What type of financial reports would you expect to see in your department? How will you use the financial reports available to you to make business decisions?__________________________________________________________The type of reports that I would expect to see is the income statements, balance sheets as well as the profits and losses reports. The other things that I would also expect to see is the accounts payable and the financial reports.The way that I would use these reports is to analyze consumer buying trends as well as the commitments that have incurred so that way I can see what the future prospects may be. I would also use these reports to inspect the operations and the finances of the company and report any changes or unauthorized charges to the proper chain of command.The best thing to use these reports for is to help manage the su ccess of the business which would be done by increasing the profits and helping keep the inventory low and making changes where needed.Some of the other things that these reports can be used for is the monitoring of all of the activity of the business both current and the past. And comparing it to the future plans and goals of the company. This would give the information needed to keep the companys performance on track and heading in the right direction if they were not heading in the right direction, then I would make the necessary changes to get it heading in the right direction. I would then use all of the financial reports to ensure that the records show both current and past numbers and compare it to all of the...

Lord of the Flies Essay †Comparing Ralph and Jack †English Essay

Lord of the Flies Essay – Comparing Ralph and Jack – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Lord of the Flies Essay Comparing Ralph and Jack English Essay There are two types of people on this earth: leaders and followers. A leader is someone who acts as a guide for a person or people. Leaders manipulate followers to their cause and persuade followers to adopt their point of view. Leaders do not always strive to positively impact on the followers’ lives; sometimes leaders use their skilful persuasion techniques to â€Å"force† followers to accept outrageous views. For better or for worse, leaders are incorporated into our everyday society. As politicians running a country; as a CEO managing a company; as a director filming a movie; and even as an adolescent boy governing an island. In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, an adolescent boy does in fact govern an island. The boy’s name is Ralph and he is on the island with several other boys because their plane crashed. Ralph and other boy, Jack, are the evident leaders of the group. The two boys are at opposite end of the leadership spectrum: Ralph is considerate of the other boys’ opinions when making decisions, while Jack believes that he should be the one to make decisions for the group. Jack believes that he is superior to everyone on the island, while Ral ph believes everyone is equal. Ralph is able to stay focused on one long-term task while Jack fulfils the day-to-day requirements of the boys. Between Ralph and Jack, Ralph is the better leader because his qualities allow him to make decisions that benefit the whole group One very important quality of a leader is the ability to stay focused on what matters while there are many distractions about, a quality that Ralph demonstrates at the very beginning of the story. As soon as Ralph is elected as chief, he concentrates all of his newly acquired authority to being rescued. He assembles a small group of boys to go on an â€Å"expedition† to see if they actually are on an island. â€Å"If this isn’t an island we might be rescued straight away. So we’ve got to decide if this is an island†¦ three of us will go on an expedition and find out.† (Golding 20). About one quarter way into the novel, Ralph becomes fed up as he finds only himself and one other boy building a shelter for the entire group. â€Å"’You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished?’ ‘D’you see? All day I’ve been working with Simon. No one else. They’re off bathing, or eating, or playing.’† (Golding 51). This shows that the he stays focused while all the other boys become distracted from the task at hand of building the shelters. Ralph’s focused mind on completing the shelters kept him working and prevented him from being distracted like all the other boys. â€Å"‘When the meeting was over they’d work for five minutes then wander off†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (Golding 51). Throughout the novel Ralph never ceases to stress the importance of the signal fire as a means of being rescued. Soon after he had been elected as chief, he focuses attention on the importance of having a signal fire and being rescued. â€Å" ‘Now we come to the most important thing. I’ve been thinking†¦ We want to be rescued’† (Golding 36). â€Å"‘If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. So we must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire.’† (Golding 37). Even after Jack had started his own tribe, stole the onl y means of making fire from Ralph, and Ralph’s tribe consisted only of a small number of boys, Ralph still did not forget the importance of the signal fire. â€Å"‘Just an ordinary fire. You’d think we could do that, wouldn’t you? Just a smoke signal so we can be rescued†¦ now there’s no signal going up. Ships may be passing. â€Å" (Golding 188) On the contrary, Jack cannot differentiate what is important and what is not. Jack thinks that hunting is more important than being rescued, so he takes the hunters that were tending the fire to go hunting. The fire – along with the chance of being rescued – becomes extinguished as a ship passes by the island. Jack returns, and receives a deserved earful from Ralph: â€Å"‘There was a ship. Out there. You said you’d keep the fire going and you let it out! They might have seen us. We might have gone home.’ ‘The job was too much. We needed everyone.’† (Golding 74-75) When Jack forms his new tribe, they are not concerned about being rescued, all they want to do is hunt. The ability to stay focused on what matters is important for a leader because it is the only way for progress to be made that can benefit the entire group. If a leader kept on being side tracked with small, insignificant issues, then there would be no time to resolve the big, important issues that are really important and progress. Jack becomes side tracked with his hunting and forgets the very important issue of being rescued from the island. In fact, he also makes the other boys forget about being rescued from the island, making the group suffer. Ralph on the other hand, keeps his mind focused on the most important issues – being rescued and building shelter – and does not let anything get in the way. His focused mind makes decisions that benefit the entire group, which is why he is the better leader. Being a great leader means being considerate of other peoples’ opinions. Jack is not considerate of other people’s opinions. During a discussion about the beast, Jack says: â€Å"‘We don’t need the conch any more. We know who ought to say things. What good did Simon do speaking, or Bill, or Walter? It’s time some people knew they’ve got to keep quiet and leave deciding things to the rest of us – ’ This shows how inconsiderate Jack is because the conch is the only thing that lets the boys communicate their thoughts and eliminating it would mean that they do not get a say in making decisions that affects them. When Jack starts another tribe, he selfishly appoints himself as the leader – his followers do not have a say as to who leads them. As leader, he does not take into consideration the thoughts and opinions of his followers. He barks out orders and everyone follows them. â€Å"‘We’ll go into the forest now and hunt.’ He turned and trotted away and after a moment they followed him obediently.† (Golding 147). Ralph is the exact opposite of Jack, since he is the one who put rules in place to allow every one to speak. â€Å"‘And another thing. We can’t have everybody talking at once. We’ll have to have ‘Hands up† like at school.’† (Golding 31). â€Å"‘I’ll give the conch to th e next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking.’†¦ ‘And he won’t be interrupted. Except by me.’†(Golding 31). These rules show that Ralph actually cares what the boys have to say (why?). Being considerate, like Ralph, is very crucial to being a good leader because listening to everybody’s opinions and beliefs ensures that final decisions can be formed to benefit the entire group. Ralph’s method of considering everyone’s opinions and treating people as equals allows him to make decisions that benefit the whole group, which is why he is a better leader than Jack. An important belief that leaders must posses is that every person is equal. Jack believes that he is far superior than anybody else on the island. When the group of boys is voting for chief at the start of the novel, Jack believes â€Å"with simple arrogance† (Golding 18) that there should be no vote and he should be appointed chief mainly because â€Å"‘I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I can sing C sharp.’†(Golding 18). Jack constantly ridiculed Piggy when they were in the same tribe and gave no thought to what Piggy said. â€Å"Piggy took the conch†¦ ‘I don’t believe in no ghosts – ever!’ Jack was up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWho cares what you believe – Fatty!’†(Golding 97). â€Å"‘Then,’ went on Piggy†¦ ‘You’re talking too much,’ said Jack Merridew. ‘Shut up, Fatty.’† (Golding 17). This shows that Jack regards Piggy as an inferior person. Ralph shows that he regards all the boys as equals by standing up for Piggy, the most vulnerable person on the island. When Jack breaks Piggy’s glasses and makes a mockery of him Ralph interferes and calls Jacks actions a â€Å"dirty trick†. â€Å"‘Now I only got one eye. Jus’ you wait –’ Jack mimicked the whine and scramble. ‘Jus’ you wait – yah!’† (Golding 76). When everyone is equal, the group benefits as a whole because people are not afraid of ridicule or persecution when they speak their minds. Their opinions can then be considered when making a decision. If decisions were made the way Jack makes them, with no consideration given to different points of view, then the decision would only benefit a select few within group. Treating people akin to the way Jack does, as â€Å"superior† and â€Å"inferior†, limits the whole group’s progress. The â€Å"superior† people wou ld benefit while the â€Å"inferior† would suffer. This imbalance prevents the whole group from benefiting. Ralph’s belief of equality allows him to make decisions that benefit the entire group, and that is why he is the better leader over Jack. Research Papers on Lord of the Flies Essay - Comparing Ralph and Jack - English EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey Game

Mistrust vs. Distrust

Mistrust vs. Distrust Mistrust vs. Distrust Mistrust vs. Distrust By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know if there is a difference between the words mistrust and distrust. The short answer is, â€Å"No.† As verbs, both distrust and mistrust mean, â€Å"to be without confidence.† As nouns, both distrust and mistrust mean, â€Å"lack of trust or confidence.† The Google Ngram Viewer graph shows distrust as the more common of the two words since 1800. When I entered various phrases, the ones that began with distrust were more common than the ones with mistrust–with one curious exception: â€Å"mistrust my wife† was more common than â€Å"distrust my wife.† And neither â€Å"mistrust my husband† nor â€Å"distrust my husband† brought up any results at all. I predict that mistrust will eventually drop out of general use. I base my prediction on the fact that a red squiggly line appears under mistrust when I type a phrase with it into the Google search box. Another clue is that the search results come up prefaced with the question, â€Å"Do you mean distrust?† The only possible distinction I can discern between mistrust and distrust is that mistrust is a slightly â€Å"softer† word that may imply some doubt that the lack of trust is justified. Here are some examples of current usage of these synonyms: Marilyns insecurity made  her mistrust  everyone. Gen Halvorson cant resist reaching out to the little boy, despite his fathers obvious mistrust of her talents and her motives.   Politics has become static in America, and Americans  have always distrusted politicians.      I  distrust those  people who know so well what God wants them to do, because I notice it always coincides with their own desires. –Susan B. Anthony   Research has found we  distrust those who  are mean with their money. Cynicism  is an  attitude  or state of mind characterized by a general distrust of others motives believing that humans are selfish by nature. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Empathic or Empathetic?

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Human Resource Management - Essay Example This method of providing feedback has become quite popular because of the various benefits associated with it if it is carried out in the right manner, but still there are certain limitations associated with this method. The initiation of the process of 360-degree feedback starts when a particular leader perceives that he/she needs to further their development in order to meet the changing needs of the organization (Atwater, 2007, p.287). This means that the main purpose of conducting this form of performance appraisal is the purpose of development. This means that organizations that are implementing this feedback should focus on the developmental aspect associated with this form of feedback instead of focusing on the administration purpose of performance appraisal. Before implementing this performance appraisal method, organizations should take into consideration the current health of the organization. If the organization is going through the process of cutting cost and is decreasing their workforce, they should avoid using this form of appraisal as during such a situation organizations may fail to obtain objective information since employees will be trying to protect their own interests and jobs. Commitment towards the appraisal process is very essential and it is the job of the human resource departments to obtain commitment for the appraisal system. But the HR department is not only responsible for gaining commitment; they have to align other roles and duties along with acquiring commitment. This is because if the process is not associated with other roles, then the participants of the process may lose commitment and would find the process to be waste. According to Atwater, a research was conducted in which 19% of the surveyed organizations reported that if the 360-degree feedback system is not connected with human resource development practices, the participants who are being evaluated

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one or two particular Essay

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one or two particular research methods (e.g. ethnography narrative enquiry surveys q - Essay Example Social science survey research is significant as it seeks to measure previous and current behavior, as well as future behavior (Marelli, 2004). As can be seen from political survey polls, these polls evaluate public opinion likely determining how people would vote in upcoming elections. The surveys also in public health would assess health behavior including eating trends, exercise trends, smoking behavior, wearing of seatbelts, frequency of routine exams, and other related relevant health behavior (Marelli, 2004). These studies seek predictions and trends in human behavior and how such behavior can be changed. In effect, individuals without health insurance can be surveyed using questions on how willing they are to pay health insurance. The surveys can also be applied in determining if individuals would buy more fresh vegetables if these were cheaper (Hatch, 2009). Survey subjects likely covered for survey research include those who can be accurately evaluated through subject respon se (Hoppe, 1998). Physical measures can sometimes be accurately assessed if the subjects have standard resources. In other words, height, weight, blood sugar, nutrition, and blood pressure can easily be measured where the subjects apply standard measures. Medication use can also be evaluated based on an individual’s prescription information. Clinical results, however, are sometimes not being measured during the survey research especially as they need health care professionals to carry out the process (Mathiyazhagan and Nandan, 2010). Health care application would fit well for surveys since the responses can be taken from the subjects, insurance records, or the written records. Disease incidence and prevalence are often more complicated to measure as they call for accurate means of diagnosing (Hatch, 2009). Mental health diseases are considered exempted because they are often diagnosed using survey scored within or outside the mental health system. Validity The validity of sur vey research is evaluated by measures similar to clinical research studies (Hatch, 2009). The covered population must still be specifically defined and a sample population extracted. The most relevant source of bias in survey research is on sampling. As soon as the target population is established, random or representative samples have to be chosen and those chosen must then be asked to participate in the study (Glasow, 2005). For some populations, the samples are easy to define and extract. Samples in clinical settings can be randomly chosen from the medical records. Inclusion and exclusion criteria, including condition, age, gender, treatment can then be compiled before the sampling process is initiated (Hatch, 2009). Patients with existing relations with the researcher would likely entertain calls or invitations to participate. The larger population however would be more difficult to locate and include in the sample population. Granting that the target is a population of adults i n a city in the eastern coast of the United States, the first task would be to identify all the adults in the area. The sources would also have to be laid out. Telephone listings are considered one of the sources of names, however not all adults have listed numbers, and others use cell phones, and the rest, do not even have phones (Hatch, 2009). In some instances, other

Business Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Business Failure - Essay Example The following year saw liquidity dry up, businesses lose their orders or defaulting on their payments, and layoffs become widespread. Then, businesses started closing; the larger conglomerates relied upon government bailout money, at the risk of nationalization, but â€Å"too large to fail† was exactly that – critical industries and the economic framework relied upon the survival of these key enterprises (Peters, Shane & Torgerson, 2009). While there were some companies that were saved at all costs – especially at the cost of public money being used to purchase toxic assets – other companies were left to die out because they were not crucial to the coming recovery. Several of these hardest hit are in the retail sales business. And in the United Kingdom, one of these companies that had to close its books for the last time was Woolworths, the high-street retail firm in existence since 1909, and owned by the Woolworths Group plc. This case study shall deal with the phenomenon of business failure, and its occurrence in the UK retail sector. Highlighted will be the case of Woolworths plc, which presents several controversies concerning the circumstances surrounding its closure. The case of Woolworths is one that defies an easy and clear-cut solution; as many serious observers believe that the company should not have been closed down because its two or three core businesses could have been demerged and allowed to operate; apparently, the administrators and regulators felt otherwise, and finalized the group’s demise. A small remnant of Woolies (as it is affectionately called) continues to operate as an online retailer, having been acquired by the Shop Direct Group (Anon, Cabinet Maker, 2009). This study shall examine the case of Woolworths from the point of view of theory, and from the indicators and accounts that comprised the facts of its operations.

Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Essay

Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter - Essay Example On the other hand, the Easter holiday is celebrated by Christians to demonstrate the significance of the painful death of Jesus on the cross for the sake of sin redemption on humankind. The celebrations that are held to mark these events are usually in the accompaniment of beliefs, performance of rituals, and a recall of the history of the real happenings. The leadership in every Christian movement is charged with the responsibility to lead their congregations in conducting such events. The scriptures of the Bible containing relevant information in regards to the events are duly emphasized via repeated reading sessions during the commemoration seasons. Additionally, every aspect of the above issues has a comparison with another in another practice in the Christianity realms. The practices, in every form of Christian group, entail performance of reverent worship, whose conduction is similar in some groups and dissimilar in others, though all directed to the almighty God. Nevertheless, fervent connections are in existence between the Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter, where every practice in the Old Testament is balanced and linked to another in the New Testament, making the celebrations to ultimately be intertwined (Cobb John and McAfee Ward 134). The discussion in this paper seeks to establish a comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter. The comprehension of this discussion is motivated by investigating a variety of issues, the comparisons between the issues, as well as a critical analysis of the connection between them. Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter The Jewish Passover and the Canadian Roman Catholic last supper and Easter have significant similarities. They are both symbolic events used to commemorate an act that was conducted in the traditional times and was meant for today’s significance. The practices and believes are centered on worship for God becaus e of his redemption power for his people from suffering, which has a significance of demonstrating God’s mercy to his creation. The Jewish Passover portrays the mercies for redemption from slavery, while the Easter and last super portray the mercies in regards to offer of Jesus on the cross. The beliefs of these events are centered on the saving power of God, and that the commemoration of the events brings spiritual revival in the hearts of the believers. Moreover, the execution of the practices is only through the way of conducting worship in a tabernacle, conducting rituals and reverent reading of scriptures of relevance. All these celebrations are always celebrated following the appearance of full moon, especially in the month of March, April, or May. Nevertheless, the traditions have it that Easter and the last super cannot be celebrated before the Jewish Passover (Combier-Donovan et al 118). However, pronounced differences are identifiable in relation to rituals and hist ory of every practice. The Jewish Passover dates back to the Old Testament scriptural representation, when the Israelites were in slavery in Egypt. The sending of Moses by God and

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing - Assignment Example (Bloomsberg, 2011). The company maintains that all of its products are aimed at an older market, and that they will always promote responsible drinking. There are serious doubts about the sincerity of this claim due to the choice of bright colors and cartoonish designs on the cans, and the very sweet taste, both of which appeal to younger drinkers. The connection with Snoop Dog and rap music is also tied in with the youth market, and this may well encourage young fans to choose this drink. The pricing of the product at a rather low level is also seen as a possible encouragement for the young to buy it. The danger occurs when very young drinkers are not aware of the dangers of drinking, and when they are tempted to experiment with a product that is likely to cause health damage, and lead to erratic and risky behaviour. References Bloomsberg Businesseek and Associated Press. Online news item: â€Å"Maine AG seeks end to new high alcohol drink Blast. April 22nd, 2011. Retrieved from: h ttp://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MOPME00.htm Talanova, J. Colt 45’s fruit flavoured Blast drink comes under fire. CNN web page, 20th April, 2011.

Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Essay

Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter - Essay Example On the other hand, the Easter holiday is celebrated by Christians to demonstrate the significance of the painful death of Jesus on the cross for the sake of sin redemption on humankind. The celebrations that are held to mark these events are usually in the accompaniment of beliefs, performance of rituals, and a recall of the history of the real happenings. The leadership in every Christian movement is charged with the responsibility to lead their congregations in conducting such events. The scriptures of the Bible containing relevant information in regards to the events are duly emphasized via repeated reading sessions during the commemoration seasons. Additionally, every aspect of the above issues has a comparison with another in another practice in the Christianity realms. The practices, in every form of Christian group, entail performance of reverent worship, whose conduction is similar in some groups and dissimilar in others, though all directed to the almighty God. Nevertheless, fervent connections are in existence between the Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter, where every practice in the Old Testament is balanced and linked to another in the New Testament, making the celebrations to ultimately be intertwined (Cobb John and McAfee Ward 134). The discussion in this paper seeks to establish a comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter. The comprehension of this discussion is motivated by investigating a variety of issues, the comparisons between the issues, as well as a critical analysis of the connection between them. Comparison of Jewish Passover with Roman Catholic Last Supper and Easter The Jewish Passover and the Canadian Roman Catholic last supper and Easter have significant similarities. They are both symbolic events used to commemorate an act that was conducted in the traditional times and was meant for today’s significance. The practices and believes are centered on worship for God becaus e of his redemption power for his people from suffering, which has a significance of demonstrating God’s mercy to his creation. The Jewish Passover portrays the mercies for redemption from slavery, while the Easter and last super portray the mercies in regards to offer of Jesus on the cross. The beliefs of these events are centered on the saving power of God, and that the commemoration of the events brings spiritual revival in the hearts of the believers. Moreover, the execution of the practices is only through the way of conducting worship in a tabernacle, conducting rituals and reverent reading of scriptures of relevance. All these celebrations are always celebrated following the appearance of full moon, especially in the month of March, April, or May. Nevertheless, the traditions have it that Easter and the last super cannot be celebrated before the Jewish Passover (Combier-Donovan et al 118). However, pronounced differences are identifiable in relation to rituals and hist ory of every practice. The Jewish Passover dates back to the Old Testament scriptural representation, when the Israelites were in slavery in Egypt. The sending of Moses by God and

Review article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review article - Essay Example Studies b and c specifically aimed to examine the potential of CBPR programs whilst study a did not. Study a aimed to assess participants ability to work, this was not a concern in studies b and c. Study c aimed to use existing community-based programs designed for its subject group where as a and b designed research specific programs. poor general health. The target group previously held physically demanding jobs that put strain upon the musculoskeletal system. At the time of the study inactivity due to unemployment was presumed to have decreased the subjects’ functional capacity and musculoskeletal system. a) In the early 1990’s in Finland a recession caused major unemployment and rendered 36.7% of the construction workforce long-term unemployed. The general health of construction workers is described as poor and excessive manual labor puts heavy strain on the musculoskeletal system, decreasing functional capacity with age. Long-term unemployment was believed to have decreased functional capacity and general health even further. b) Cardiovascular disease [CVD] and Coronary Heart Disease are the number one cause of death amongst women in the developed world. Most fatalities have no previous symptoms. Public awareness of CVD in women is insufficient. Lack of physical activity impacts a 1.9 fold increase in CVD risk amongst women. shown that moderate exercise of 30+ minutes, 3-5 times a week improves health and functional ability of older adults. Additional studies had awarded 10 centres across the U.S. for best-practice in older adult activity programs. No study had yet assessed the impact of these existing programs on previously sedentary subjects. Sendentary lifestyles and related health issues are common across all three study groups but due to different reasons. The background to study b is one of major CVD fatalities in all female age groups where as studies a and

Definition of Culture and Its Importance Essay Example for Free

Definition of Culture and Its Importance Essay Human beings are considered the highest form of animals, behaving passionately social as a group, using language and understanding, and doing teamwork and intergroup rivalry. Culture then relates to everything that humans have, think and do as a member of the social group. Both existent and make-believe, humans have stuff like tools, weapons, languages, laws, music, art, material resources, technologies and systems that when taken jointly will give details of the past and describes the present. On the other hand, when ideas, values, attitudes, beliefs and ideologies are taken as a group, help explains religious partiality, political directives, mores and extensive range of social associations. In addition, humans do or perform activities among specific group or society based on nationality, religion, ethnic boundaries and even occupation and academic, which later on collectively form the prescribed accepted behavior. (Holt, D. Wigginton, K. 2002). In 1997, culture was described by Geert Hofstede in his book, Cultures and Organizations as the â€Å"software of the mind†. While individuals all have the identical â€Å"hardware†, which is the human brain, their â€Å"software† or â€Å"programming† is rather diverse. It is an identical experience when interrelating with somebody from a dissimilar culture – their language, suppositions, body language and movement, morals, and other facets of their culture will not be logical when relocated to another’s orientation structure. There are three fundamental logical reasoning when it comes to culture, namely: 1. Superiority of experience in the fine arts and humanities; 2. A combined blueprint of human knowledge, trust, and manners that relies upon the aptitude for figurative thinking and social knowledge; and 3. The set of divided outlooks, principles, purposes, and practices that distinguishes an association, society or group. According to Holt and Wigginton (2002), culture is a concept in the field of anthropology that concerns with shared structure of attitudes, way of life, ownership, traits, tradition and morals that describes group actions, which can be observed in a family, ethnic group, a business organization or a society. Authority, leadership, work attitudes and ethical practices on the part of management are influenced by this shared structure. Workers also are influenced by cultural antecedents on how they recognize and understand quality performance, work responsibilities, their function in decision-making and attitude in following orders from superior, as well as insight of human rights. The daily demeanor of workers in terms of punctuality, following rules on safety standards and personal hygiene are also affected. Slight differences between any two or more cultural groups can be observed, which therefore requires sensitivity to understand cultural differences, especially in manners of proper handling of business transactions. This way, when difficulties are encounter they will be solved readily with positive results. Understanding Differences in Culture The basic requirements for human survival are standard, which means for people to live they need water, food, clothing, housing and security. However, scarcity of these necessities compels human to creatively expand manners of acquiring them in order to give solutions to these survival problems. For simple societies, economic and social behavior consists of uncomplicated activities like looking for and cooking food, crafting clothes, building houses and rearing children. On the other hand, for developed societies, roles go beyond work and domestic related actions and extend to production and distribution of goods and services in order to sustain their big areas of responsibilities. It is essential to know that differences in culture would mean that different cultures have a diversity of styles in looking at things, ways of dressing and expressing individuality and/or goodness. Education, social rank, religion, individuality, belief composition, precedent experience, warmth shown in the domicile, and a countless of other factors will influence an individual’s manners and mores. A good deal of dissimilarities in culture has something to do with foodstuff preparation, music, and what each culture considers good manners. There are really cultural and philosophy disparities and it is fine to have an appreciation about a civilizations way of life. Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimensions A Dutch researcher by the name of Geert Hofstede made a cross-cultural study of organizational behavior using managers from different countries to produce profile of cultural differences. This model is the most famous Hofstede’s Model composed of five dimensions namely power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and long term orientation, which gives a comparative evaluation of group attributes. Said dimensions when used jointly, provide management sensible outlook regarding contradicting values and prototypes of manners among countries and groups. Power distance as a dimension relates to the degree of human inequalities. Hierarchical position and authority are the main focuses of a culture with high power distance. Less dominant member of the society acknowledge just being subordinates, who should always follow those who are leading. In societies with high power distance as exemplified by Japan, formal authority comes from the hierarchy where employees hardly ever go against a chain of command or subject into scrutiny the decisions of top management. The reverse is true with societies like the United States, Australia and New Zealand with low power distance, where both higher-ups and subordinates coordinate their decisions with one another and authority is not a big deal. However, for societies like Great Britain, Israel and Canada in particular, though they refuse to accept parity in social level, still they value the right of each person’s accomplishment (Holt, D. Wigginton, K. , 2002). Individualism pertains to the degree of initiative in becoming independent against that of collective endeavor. Societies with high individualism placed importance on personal triumphs, advancement, escapades and self-sufficiency. This implies ignoring the extensive necessities of the society and making oneself and ones family the priority. Contradictory, culture with low degree of individualism supports family relationship, group synchronization, social order and devote to compromised ideas. Uncertainty avoidance (Holt, D. Wigginton, K. , 2002) is the degree of open-mindedness for uncertainty and ambiguity, particularly to man’s search for Truth. It means the feeling of contentment and discontentment in shapeless circumstances which are unusual, unknown and unexpected. For majority of the societies, their religious beliefs stand as their manner of knowing the Absolute Truth. Japanese culture for instance, typifies a society that avoids uncertainty by creating detailed laws and standards in consonance with the norms of the society. There are also societies with dual philosophical beliefs that they do not consider any Absolute Truth and so they accept uncertainty within their organizations. Canadians, as an example do not prioritize ceremonies and company rites unlike the Japanese. The degree of motivational behavior based on value systems that are depicted in terms of being masculine or feminine is another dimension in the Hofstede’s Model termed masculinity. The focus of the said model is not on biological perspectives; however, the behavior is portrayed using gender. In countries with high masculinity, like Japan, men work and hold top positions in organization, while women stay at home to perform household chores and nurture children. In other words, there are distinct roles that women and men do in society. The priorities of people living in societies with high masculinity are achievement, wealth and expansion. Working professionals spent much of their time in work related activities and seldom take vacations to relieve their stress. When confronted with problems, the manners of settling these conflicts are done aggressively. On the opposite, countries that score low in masculinity give significance to their family, relationships and quality of life. There is equality in terms of positions for both men and women which could be observed in all aspects of their lives. Negotiation for people in societies with low masculinity is the best way to resolve misunderstandings and disagreements. They are also fond of working in flexible hours to give way for more vacations and relaxation. The fifth and newest cultural dimension is the long term orientation, founded on the teaching of Confucius on the East. Countries with high long term orientation can be described as being persistent, thrifty, having a sense of shame and organizing and observing relationship by status. On the other hand, those cultures with short term orientation have personal control and firmness, shield ones â€Å"face†, value ritual and give back to greetings, favors, and gifts.

Investigating The Mechanism And Impact Of Nectar Card Marketing Essay

Investigating The Mechanism And Impact Of Nectar Card Marketing Essay To explore the effectiveness of customer centric theory by the implementation of loyalty cards in retail business. To make a critical review about the operation and success of Nectar card Sainsbury in maintaining the customer relationship in current business environment. To investigate more about some practical theories used by Sainsbury for the implementation of Nectar cards in their business. To evaluate the impact of Nectar card among Sainsbury customers to point out some valuable suggestions thereby to improve the effectiveness of nectar card in business of Sainsbury. Research background In this competitive market the main factor affecting the business is the effective strategic management in the business. Information technology is the most effective factor now days. Therefore all the business organizations are to be careful in maintaining effective IT related strategies for the effective business. Sainsbury is a well established supermarket network in London. They have made a strategic approach by using the IT sector as by using the nectar card as an service to the customer where as using it as the information collector for the effective business. They mainly focus to meet customer requirements. In this proposed research I am planning to do a research on the nectar card used by the Sainsbury at Holborn, London. By using this effective strategy of management Sainsbury have achieved a wide range of customers at Holborn. As they use this card to keep an updated record of data of their customers and to keep a track of their regular customers. By this research I am focusing on the main sections on the strategic application of the information technology of the Nectar card in the business management of the Sainsbury. ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND: Sainsbury, An organization with more than 140 years old opened its first showroom in the year 1869 by Mr. John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury from the time of its establishment towards Sainsbury has very well strategic planning for the instant we can very well see that Sainsbury opened its first showroom in Drury lane, it was the one of the poorest area in the in the country England and they started to sell the high quality products at the lower rate which attracted people all over the place and from the time being the rate of success of strategic decision were very high which lead to the growth of the Sainsbury from 1 store to the 800 stores by the year 2010. The other main strategy adopted by the Sainsbury was they aim to sell to product under their own brand name and first among them was the smoked bacon. The bacon was smoked in their in store under the smoking oven. Sainsbury had a very large shortage of the workers during the First World War and they started to recruit women to wo rk in their in store and many other store roles were assigned to the women. (j-sainsbury,2009) In 1950s Sainsbury our self service stores are started in the UK much before many competitors have implemented and this had made Sainsbury a different store from others continuously the strategies adopted by the company goes at higher success rate one of the result among them was the in the year 1969 their own brand products accounted for the 50% of their turn over.(j-sainsbury,2009) GOAL OF SAINSBURY: The major o goal of the Sainsbury is by providing good quality shopping experience at the convenient price with the highest quality available in the market. Sainsbury aims at the higher customer expectations for the daily lives which makes the life of the customer easier.(j-sainsbury,2009) VALUES OF SAINSBURY: Sainsbury value for the passion for the healthy, safe, fresh and tasty foods, our focuses towards delivering great products at fair prices, a history of innovation and leadership and a strong regard for the social, ethical and environmental effects of our operation have continued to stand the test of time. (j-sainsbury,2009) Five major principles followed by the Sainsbury are: Bringing the best for the food and health. Integrity in sourcing Environment respect. Marking positive effects in the community. Making working environment a better place to work. (j-sainsbury,2009) LITERATURE REVIEW: LOYALTY CARD: Loyalty card is an another marketing strategy adopted by many business organization and loyalty card is provided by different organization and marketed by different organization in different name and some among them is the Nectar card, Club card, Reward card etc. Usually loyalty card is a plastic or paper card usually looks like credit or debit card in which the name of the card holder will be imprinted in the face of the card. Loyalty card is the usual name famous in the UK region and its name varies in different region in the world. The other side of the card typically will have a magnetic strip or a barcode so that they can be easily scanned to the system when purchasing the products. (loyalty,2008). A retail firm in the in the retail industry may issue this loyalty card towards the customers or consumers which can be then used as an identification procedure in order to find the particular customer. The loyalty gives the data of the consumer regarding demography as well as the other relevant data. It gives data such as the address as well as the number of families in the home. Each and every loyalty card issued by the retail merchandise will have customer privacy statement as well as the non- disclosure data about the customers and these data will not be disclosed between the others users of the same retailing sector. These data provided by the loyalty card can be used for the both externally as well as internally. These data can be used to analyze the data such which will be better and favorite brand for the particular customer or whether the consumer is vegetarian or not.( loyalty,2008) EPOS: Electronic point of sales: EPOS data are usually used by the retailing groups like supermarkets, hypermarkets, pharmacies, chemists, convenience stores, small independent stores, petrol bunks, cash and carry, off license as well as in pubs and restaurants. Electronic point of sales data are the much useful data to the retailer like the one which when the customer swipe the card at the till of the shop all the details like what all are the things purchased by the consumer will goes towards the marketing wing and as per the data available the marketing wing can able to analyze the customer and they can provide provides rewards and loyalty program according to the taste and nature of the consumers or customers.( loyalty,2009) NECTAR CARD: Nectar card is a loyalty card as well as a loyalty reward program mainly based in the UK region supplied with the partnership of the business giants like Sainsbury, American express and BP. The nectar card was introduced into UK in later of 2002. (nectar,2009) Nectar is maintained by the private organization named Loyalty Management Group UK and now it became the part of Group aero plan. The helpline is mainly based on the Tyne and in Mumbai. Nectar card has maintained a 5 year plan from the year 2002 and thus helped to overtake the club card issued by the Tesco and by the year 2010 Nectar card has became popular 2in the UK. (nectar,2002) Sainsbury uses the data from the nectar card by the process of EPOS. Sainsbury valuate each and every customer by the process of EPOS services provided by the nectar card. At the time of billing process Sainsbury stores each data in the database through this process they can be able to analyze what all are the products which are mostly sold in the particular day and they can analyze the trends in shopping of the consumers as well as the customers. By looking over the database of each customer they can be able to analyze the taste of the consumers like whether he or she is vegetarian or non vegetarian through this analyze they can be able to provide particular offer toward for the particular products for the customers and at the same time they can be able to provide offers for the products which are not usually used by the consumer. During each seasons for example during the month of Christmas if consumer or customer consumes wines they can be able to provide seasonal offers for the p articular products at particular time. (j-sainsbury,2003). Rationale I had been employed by the firm and have found that with the advent of loyalty cards the company is capable of promoting its sales very easily. The loyalty cards have made market analysis and exploitation of customer behavior carry with nominal expenditure very effectively than any other method. Hence being from an IT background and as learning Business Management, I thought to keep me ahead in this era of technology based business. This research will horn me with more knowledge. Hypothesis Loyalty cards are the simplest ways to analysis and understand periodical customer behavior and to promote business regionally. Methodology Don Erwin says The main reason for studying research methodology is that it provides a time-tested, proven means of providing new, reliable knowledge that accumulate the growing body of knowledge.(Ethridge,2004,p.10) The methodology of research can be explained as the systematic method to solve the research problem or the scientific method of doing the research and meeting the objectives of the research. Research methods and methodology closely related parts of the research, in which the methodology has many dimensions and method can be viewed as the part of this .This makes the methodology of a research always wider than the research method. Thus in this context researcher should well aware about the research methods as well as methodology before doing a research. (Kumar, 2008, p.5) The research can be classified on the basis of a number of factors like objectives, data used, data collection methods, the use of the research, approach of the researcher etc. most of the time a research may be the combination of more than one type. So following are the classification of some major type of research in which my research is more related to. Descriptive Vs analytical research The descriptive research mainly concentrates on the descriptive approach of stating the affairs and research problems. This make use of the main research methods like survey method, observation   and other primary data collection method in spite of the secondary data which is already available. An important characteristic of this research is that it can only describe what is happened or happening and no control over the variables of the research topic. But in the case of analytical research the researcher make use of the various information and facts which is already available for the evaluation of the research topic, so that no need to collect fresh or primary data.(Kumar, 2008, p.8) My research is planned to make use of both primary and secondary types of data so my research is more related to descriptive type research than analytical type. Theoretical Vs Empirical Research In the theoretical way of doing a research the researcher primarily selects some of the theoretical facts and information from the sources like articles, journals, books etc then the researcher further analysis the research questions on the basis of this data which is mainly the secondary data. But in the case of the empirical data the research begins with the help of secondary data but latter the researcher also make use of some of the primary data for the further analysis of evaluating the hypothesis and finding the answer to the research questions. . (Schwab,2004,p.15) In the empirical research secondary data helps to make a detailed analysis of the research topic were the primary data helps to find out key ideas and values of the topic, altogether makes the research more reliable and meaning full. Because of this strong advantage I am making use of Empirical research method in my research. Explanatory Vs predictive Research Explanatory research mainly carried out in the situation in which the researcher should find out the reason behind a particular phenomenon which is already happened and is related to the research topic. In this type of approach the researcher identifies different factors or variables and analysis this variables with the help of predicted hypothesis and objectives. In this type of research the researcher can make strong interpretations on the basis of the collected data, but in the case of predictive research the researcher is making predictions regarding the various factors with the help of the collected data. (Gratton, 2004,p.9) Since in my research there is no scope for prediction of phenomenon and also requires the interpretations of collected data my research is more explanatory. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Qualitative and Quantitative is the most important classification on the basis of the date used to carry out the research. The data is mainly classified into two, one which contains narrative explanations and interpretations called qualitative data but the other contains numerical data and its analysis called the quantitative data. The researches which uses qualitative data for proceeding the research is called qualitative research, similarly research which uses quantitative data is called quantitative research. Most of the research is the combination of the quantitative and qualitative approach called the mixed approach. In my research also in making use of both type of research so its a mixed research approach. Quantitative Research This approach concentrates more on measurement and evaluates of the quality or amount, on the factors which can be expected in terms of the quality. This is more related to the quantitative phenomenon and quantifiable data. By implementing this research type the researcher can be able to analyses the topic very precisely with the help of set of procedures and rules so that the reader can get a clear picture of the issues under consideration. (Kumar, 2008,p.10) The scope and limitations of the quantitative approaches are follows. Scope of quantitative research The quantitative research is helpful to the stake holders to evaluate the performance of the company very clearly and easily. Since the analysis is strictly based on the objectives and main points the comparisons can be easily done. Quantitative approach is easily replicate and highly reliable. The authenticity of data used in this type of research can be verified easily The authenticity of quantitative data which is used in the quantitative research analysis can be easily verified. Limitations The main limitation of Qualitative type of research is that it can be effective only with the help of quantitative research. The approach holds minimum flexibility. Highly depends on the authenticity of the numerical data used in the analysis. If the data is not reliable the whole research becomes meaningless and insignificant. Highly time consuming and expensive to perform. This type of research should be planned carefully to ensure the correct destination. Qualitative research Through this type of approach the researcher can easily evaluate and illustrate human behavior and related issues.   Qualitative research is a very important in business researches because it is vey useful in the product design and sales. Through this the user can easily evaluate the preference and habits of the people and can predict the future of the product whether it is viable or not commercially. Qualitative research mainly supported by a realistic and provable hypothesis which can be analyzed to reach the research result.(experiment-resourses,n.d.) Scope of qualitative research Qualitative research is very useful if the research topic is complex with the help of hypothesis and clear objectives. Approach helps the researcher to explore and interpret the real world experiences which is impossible in the case of quantitative analysis. Depth evaluation of the topic is possible in a detailed manner so that the research will be more useful for the readers. Procedures are flexible so that new levels of research can be established very easily. Can make maximum use of the previous researches and also can point out the ignored factors in the previous researches. Limitations Highly influenced by the personal skill of the researcher so that the quality of the research cannot be ensured with the quality data and data collection methods. Systematic comparison is difficult because of the aggregative approach of the research. Low reliability and less precise when compared to the quantitative research. Since the research is more concentrated on the personal experience , general trends opinions ,judgment etc ,this can only be effective in the qualitative method of analysis. Mathematical analysis is impossible. Data collection Methods The most important step in a research is its data collection. By which the data for the research is collected. This step is much important in a research, as proper care is to be taken for the reliability of the data collecting and towards the relevance of those data. For these collecting of data there are few methods which can be classified as primary and secondary data. The main collection methods used are secondary method which includes methods like collecting data from internet, books journals etc. but in the few cases the collection of primary data may face difficulties as it is fresh and new data collected. Primary data collection methods This method is used to collect data from the area of research directly by using various primary data collecting methods. The researcher uses various methods like questionnaires, interviews, surveys etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the primary data is fully depended on the subjects and hence there is a chance of bias if the subjects are not trust worthy. In this research I am planning to do: Observation method: This is the method of data collecting by the process of observing the working environment at the area of research, in this research it is the working environment off the Sainsbury super market at Holborn, London. This collection method is done by the direct participation of the researcher. Advantages: In this method of data collection the data collected may be more reliable as the researcher has a direct personal experience in the area of research. Observation method is an effective where as an simple method by which the researcher can get a direct contact with the working environment of the area of research and can collect data effectively and easily Direct contact with the employees can be helpful for the success of the research. As they may be able to provide data much easier. Disadvantages: In few situations the information collected by the direct contact may be incomplete and may require further effort on it. The validity and reliability of the data collected by the observation method may not be confirmed. As only a proper skilled researcher can analyze the working environment of an activity effectively. As the part of collecting data in this research, I am using the observation method as I had an experience of six months in this super market and this method is mostly reliable one. Questionnaire method In this method of data collection, I am intending to prepare a collection of questions related to the research topic to find out relevant data for the research. Advantages: Questionnaire method helps to provide data according to the relevance of the research. As all the questions in the questionnaire are directly linked to the research objectives. Collection of data can be done much effectively and easily than conducting an interview. In this method of data collection it is easy to get data from a very large number of persons as the questionnaire can be supplied to them in a short period of time. Disadvantages: In this method of data collection in few situations the participants may not be ready to provide accurate data. All the questions in the questionnaire are to be answered effectively by the participant incase to do easy analysis. As there is possibility of anonymous questionnaires the participants may have a negative feel towards the questionnaire. (Cresewell,2002,p.25).   Interviewing method: This is the method by which I have to formulate a structured frame of the questions which lead me to collect the data which supports my research.   The responses towards my questions by the participants make my research much effective one. Advantages: This is a method by which the data is collected by the researcher by direct contact with the person related to the research area therefore this is much effective to collect relevant data for the research This method of data collection is an flexible one as the questions may vary according to the person. This method helps to get the primary data more easily and reliably as the interview is done with the person who can provide effective data and it is conducted by the researcher itself. Disadvantages: There may be limitations for the researcher to publish data provided by the interviewee in the interview in some situation. As the data may be much confidential related to them. This is a process which takes much time in analyzing and sorting of the data also to lead the data to the finds of the research questions I am planning to conduct a direct interview with the manager of the Sainsbury Supermarket at Holborn, London.  Ã‚   Secondary data collection methods   Secondary data collection means those data which have already be collected and published. Also can be accessible from various sources like journals, articles, books, internet etc. these data collected will   be much reliable if we take proper care in the selection of the sources we use. In this research I am intending to use various above mentioned sources which are reliable.   Advantages: The data can be easily and effectively collected in this method as the required sources are easily   accessible by the researcher through various libraries, internet etc The books which are much reliable as published and written by qualified persons makes those data more reliable and relevant. As the data collected will be already arranged or sorted by the pre-publisher the sorting of data will be easier. Disadvantages: As there are various unreliable sources it is difficult to identify the reliable one and the unreliable one. The improper updating of various websites in the internet may affect the reliability and relevance of the data. As all the data are published before there may be a tendency to copy the work done by any other person which means practicing plagiarism. Ethics in research Ethics in the research is one of the most important factors the researcher should take care of because this can create trust of the reader on the research. The ethical principles can be applied to all levels of the research like planning, evaluating, data collection conducting etc. Integrity, honesty and confidentiality are the main factors which can contribute a lot to the ethical behavior of the research. Some of the ethical standard a research should maintain is follows, Avoid the use of information which can harm environment, individual and property unnecessarily. Reliability of the information and individuals in the research should be ensured. The confidentially and privacy of the data should be preserved whenever necessary. Suitable precautions should be taken when dealing with the individuals in the research to maintain the reliability of the research. Try to avoid big economic expenses, big reward and contract for the study to avoid the falsification of information.